Online Library. Title Linguistics Across Cultures Applied Linguistics For; Chemistry Pogil Answers Acids And Bases; 1966 Gto Wiring Diagram; Real A320 Mcdu Simulator; Ocr Cambridg.
. Art & Culture – never prepared. But I haveheard people say Spectrum is good. No clue cause I didn’t study so please checkwith others. I left all the questions in the exam – which is reflected in mymarks. J. Independence History – Old NCERT for pre-1857and Spectrum for 1857 and beyond.
I found that the questions need you to not goin depth but just know the topic and be able to analyse it right then andthere. So I found reading the fat Bipin Chandra etc a complete waste of time.If you feel like it, then please go ahead but I didn’t do it. Also check outthe new NCERT because the importantPersonalities are mentioned in Boxes in that book. Post- independence History – ONLY the new NCERT– India Since Independence.
It is a brilliant book which gives everything youneed to know clearly and concisely. Also again, the personalities are given inboxes. UPSC hasn’t run out of questions to ask from that yet, so it shouldsuffice a few more years. World History – Old NCERTs available asphotocopies right from 9-12 th. The ones from before the year 2000.They are more than enough.
Again, UPSC hasn’t run out of questions to ask fromthat yet, so it should suffice a few more years. Sociology material – did a few coachingmaterials on the random topics but it was more about my general understandingof Indian Society. Geography – can’t help there since it was myoptional so I did detailed material on the topics. But Mrunal.org has coveredsome stuff very nicely and YouTube has some brilliant videos on the basictopics.
NCERTs are the main starting point even for the optional people. Polity – I only ever did Laxmikant Polity. Ifind it the best book ever. Haven’t read anything else. But maybe now after theexam I will try reading D.D.
Basu just to see what it is all about. I tried itbefore and couldn’t get past the first chapter. So it was Laxmikant for me!. RPA – did google search and read stuff frommultiple websites and also whatever was in the news. Schemes etc – I did from the direct Ministrywebsites. Also my friend Shikhar used to listen to the news and would force meto listen with him on AIR Fm. Sometimes the news analysis that came after thenews would give brilliant points for the schemes.
But I hadn’t done ministrywebsites before and I did it this time. It made a huge difference. Also wouldgoogle search for schemes of government of India and check out all the resultsthat appeared. Current Affairs – I did Vision coaching currentaffairs. I think they copy paste articles from The Hindu but since I was toolazy to read the Hindu everyday, this worked for me. I did the C.A.
Right fromDecember of 2013. Last year I did not do current affairs at all, but that was abig mistake. International Affairs – I did from VajiramCoaching material which they bring out around a month before the exam. It wasmore than sufficient in my opinion. Other topics – I did a lot of governmentdocuments like reports on the topics and also googled all the topics mentionedand read some of the articles that came up.
Didn’t make notes but got a generalidea. I did this for the first time thisyear. Also did coaching material from 3 delhi based coachings – Sriram, Vajiramand Vision.
Some topics were good in one source and some in the other. Basic Economics – I had done this in BusinessSchool so I just brushed it up.
Didn’t follow any particular source. Economics C.A. – Mrunal.org is a brilliantsource. I did it only on the last night before the exam but I regret not payingmore attention. Government documents and websites for the othertopics where needed. Referred to Vision and Sriram material for mostof the topics. Security – I did Vajiram booklet but didn’t findit great.
Sriram material had covered some of the topics really well. Disaster – NDMA and other government websites. S&T, Bio-diversity and Environment – I hadin my first attempt finished Wizard Science & Tech (big fat book), so Ikept doing it. Bought newer editions where I just had to update on the newadditions. Savinder Singh – Physical Geography. Rupa Made Simple – Physical & Humangeography both. Majid Hussain – Evolution of geographicalthought.
Goh Cheng Leong – Certificate Physical and HumanGeography. K. Siddhartha – Economic Geography. NCERTs -6 th to 12 th oldand new. I, even, did ICSE 6-8 th - not relevant anymore. Coaching material for the rest of the topics. Google searched a lot of issues not givenclearly elsewhere.
YouTube videos on resources etc. There were a few other books but none of them were relevant. I tend to buy everything anyone said and they were mostly useless. So just giving a list of the books I read again and again. I am terrible at Maps. I can do the world map perfectly but just can't do India Map.
I have been known to draw Amarnath in China, exchange Kandla and Mundhra port and basically change the location of every city. I know the big features as they relate to India physical but the small towns and cities and rivers that get asked, I never know. They ask a lot from Current Affairs and since I do my Current Affairs differently, I always get a 0 in map. Though I think I knew some of it correctly this year. So I cannot help with the preparation of the Map.
You mean to say which optional I would recommend for you? I think you are still too young to worry about that! You are just out of school! Please focus on your graduation for now.In terms of Optional, it is always better to go with something that you will truly enjoy and can read again and again.
It is very important to enjoy your optional cause you have to revise it multiple times. Also it is better to choose something that is not very very popular cause then your answers get compared to more and more people so it becomes tougher to score. Best of luck! For now, forget UPSC CSE and just concentrate on your Graduation! I am sorry.I never specifically prepared for CSAT. I have given CAT before so did not need to do anything for CSAT part of the exam.
But I hear there are some books that you can maybe check out. Please check with other candidates for information on those.As for the optional - I repeat what I said before - In terms of Optional, it is always better to go with something that you will truly enjoy and can read again and again. It is very important to enjoy your optional cause you have to revise it multiple times. Also it is better to choose something that is not very very popular cause for popular optionals your answers get compared to more and more people so it becomes tougher to score. Best of luck! Renu Raj is from Malayalam background if I am not mistaken?
She at least took Malayalam as her optional. I don't think that is the case about Regional Languages. I don't think it is a good idea to make such analysis and get discouraged. At least go ahead and try! If no one has done it before, why can't you?? The only person stopping you, is you.As far as Ethics goes, I have mentioned how to handle it in the blog somewhere.if you have any specific doubt then ask me that please. Makes it easier for me to answer.
I have no sample answers in case you are wondering:) Best of luck! I always get good marks in Geog Paper 1. My basics for Geography paper 1 are very strong. Like I mentioned, I have studied it from many many books - in fact almost all my booklist is for this paper. These are marks for pure content and conceptual clarity. This was the only paper I did not underline, but I wrote a few things in points and I made diagrams in a few questions (not all). I don't think I did anything too different, but I always get high in this paper.
This paper is my main strength besides GS 4- Ethics. Best of luck:). Congratulations Ma'am.You've quite lit up some of the sleeping brains of this country.
And I wish you continue the same throughout your life. Keep inspiring and keep helping.I am quite confused as to whether to go for the coaching, I know how to start up the things being a fresher but I can't really give time when preparing at home. I feel disturbed at home and at the same time I feel coaching isn't required.This has been a rather complex issue for me to solve.Please help with your kind words. First of all congratulations ma'am.As I visited your blog for the first time I feel that only sky is the limit for the people like you.Apart from information, even after getting selected, you are responding to each and every person shows that you are attached to roots. It's really amazing to see toppers like you with humble nature.I'm also preparing for exam and my aim is to secure rank 1 in my very first attempt. After visiting your blog I'm feeling more energized. Hopefully I will be meeting you after as an administrator after securing rank 1 in 2018.Thanx and all the best, India needs people like you and yes salute to your courage.:).
Congratuations mam,mam, i am working and could not join any reputed coachings at delhi. This time 2015 i gave upsc by preparaing self. I think gs prelims could be done self butfor mains i feel i should better join a coaching.also i have less time so with coaching i will properly guided. Which will increase my quality hours.
I have soe local coachings. And vsat coachings of als, dhyey academy, discovery. Kindlu guide me and give me some tips on prearation.
While in job. Also should i join coaching and which one. Hello Ma'amCould you please guide me about writing practice. I know its very important and I am trying to do that too.How did you do the writing practice? Did you join any test series online of offline. Did you attempt full fledged mock test papers?As far as writing speed is concerned, I can write fast.
So how should I go about it. When I look at the question I think I can write something on it and able to jolt down the necessary points.I am working on questions posted online by insight.
Please guide how to go about it.Thank you:).
Apart from formal University programs, EIILM University is offering comprehensive Distance Education and Professional Skills programs across multiple fields. EIILM University - Directorate of Distance Learning offers programs in Masters, Bachelors, Diploma and PG Diploma levels in various disciplines like Management, Information Technology, Hospitality & Tourism, Engineering, Journalism & Mass Communication, Biotechnology, Bioinformatics, Apparel & Fashion Design, Social Science, Art and Commerce.The University despite being located in the hilly backward area of Sikkim, has robust IT enabled infrastructure. Computerization of the processes for the Online Student-Faculty Interaction like Query Handling, Online Live Chatting, Online Discussion etc. Are very satisfactory. The faculty members are well versed with the operations of the virtual platform & the live online operational model.
The processes from Admission, Examination to Result Declaration, Courseware Packaging & Dispatching are also computerized.The University is in the process of implementing “IntelliEXAMS” a composite Software package encompassing Admission to Examination processes from MindlogicX.Courses. offered are recognized by Distance Education Council, New Delhi.OBJECTIVESThe main objectives are:1. To provide facilities of higher education to the working population, women and adults, who wish to upgrade their education or acquire knowledge in various fields.2. To provide education for Economically Backward and such other people who cannot attend regular face to face class room teaching.3.
To help the students to upgrade educational qualification, for academic achievements in the process of lifelong education.4. To develop education as a lifelong activity so that the individual can refresh his/her knowledge or he/she can acquire knowledge in new areas.SPECIAL FEATURES1. The Directorate of Distance Learning (DDL) is presently located in its own building of about 6000 square feet area.2. Curricular contents, mode of examination and the degrees to be awarded are the same as applicable to the students of the regular programs of the University.3. The learning process of the DDL is mainly through the medium of printed study materials. Self Learning Materials (SLMs) are in the Block/Unit format as per the DEC specifications. The university has planned to put the Self Learning Material on its website and the same will be readily accessible to the enrolled students.4.
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Audio Visual and Electronic aids are being added in some subjects as a reference resource.5. The University is also developing the Virtual Learning Class-rooms (VLC) facility for the students.6. Assignments are distributed online on website; e-mailers and Hard Copy through Indian Post to inaccessible and to other through Courier.7. The DDL has an independent Library and Four reading rooms for the students. Forty thousand books are available with journals of national and international repute.8. Guidance Lectures and Practical Classes are conducted every year through Personal Contact Programmes (PCP).9.
Counseling to the students at any time during office hours at Head Quarter is available by the core faculty.INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEM:The methodology of instructions at DDL of the University of EIILM is different from that of the conventional University.Our system is more learner-oriented & the learner is an active participant in the teaching-learning process.DDL follows the multimedia approach in instruction. It comprises:. Printed study materials in English. The question-papers in the subjects printed in English. Face to face interaction with teachers at PCP centers & Counseling at DDL by the Coordinators.
Provision of virtual classes in near futureNAME OF THE PROGRAMSGraduate and Post Graduate Programmes.To View the Distance Learning Website. Click HereUGC ApprovedLetter of UGC approvalEIILM University, Jorethang, Sikkim, is fully recognized and approved by University Grants Commission (UGC) and is established under Sikkim State Legislature ACT No. 4, 2006, Government of Sikkim. Ujjwal IAS Academy.Address: Head Office: B-18, Top floor. Satija houseCity: Mukherjee nagarState: Delhi-110009Phone No: +333, +370Email: [email protected]: www.ujjwalias.inMessage: For Political Science, GS,History, Geography,Sociology by Mr.K.Ujjawal.
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Master of Law (LL.M.)Bachelor of Arts (B.A.)Eligibility for Admission:Admission to Distance B.A Degree Programme is made under two RegulationsRegulation-IFor candidates seeking admission under this regulation no educational qualification is prescribed. Those who have completed 18 Years of Age on 1st July 2010 (those born on or before ) are eligible to apply for B.A Degree Programme (no relaxation even for one day). All eligible candidates will be admitted to First Year of the respective Programmes.
The duration of Programme is THREE YEARS.(This programme is open to candidates seeking admission in any state of India except Karnataka.)Regulation - IIAdmission to the First Year of Three Year B.A. M tech chemical engineeringM tech civil engineeringM tech computer science and engineeringM tech mechanical engineeringM tech electronics and communication engineeringM tech engineeringThe eligibility criteria for Distance M tech course is that a person should have a BE or B tech degree in Electronics, chemical, computer, mechanical, civil, etc. Important NoteIt is highly advised that students who wish to enroll into a Distance Education to confirm if the University offering the course if recognized by the Distance Education Council (DEC), New Delhi. Enrolling into courses of universities that are not DEC Recognized might be doing so on their own risk.The list of Universities presented here is not comprehensive. LLB (Hons) LawThis degree is the perfect foundation for a challenging and rewarding career in law. It is a Law Qualifying Degree, approved by the Joint Academic Stage Board, entitling you to exemptions from the academic stage of legal training and quickly helping you onto the career ladder. It will provide you with fundamental legal knowledge and a whole variety of legal skills, which are highly transferable and desirable in any sector of employment.Law graduates are in demand across a broad range of fields, from management to education, banking to advisory services.
So even if you do not wish to enter the legal profession, this London School of Business & Finance (LSBF) programme will help you to dramatically enhance your career prospects.We ensure that this programme, run in partnership with Lancashire Law School at the University of Central Lancashire (UCLan), always remains industry relevant, giving you an overview of the legal world that is as up-to-date as possible. Welcome to the Official website of the Commissioner for Entrance ExaminationsThe Commissionerate of Entrance Examinations (CEE) is conducting thirteen distinct Entrance Examinations for admission to Professional Courses every year: Kerala Engineering Agriculture Medical Degree (KEAM), Three year LLB, Five year LLB, LLM, MCA, PG Ayurveda, PG Dental, PG Homoeo, PG Medical, PG Nursing, PG Medical Super Specialty, M.Pharm, and B.Pharm (Lateral Entry). The Commissionerate is also making allotments to KEAM, Three year LLB, Five year LLB, LLM and MCA courses.
The allotment to KEAM is made through a Single Window System of the Centralised Allotment Process (CAP).http://www.cee-kerala.org. Course TitleLLBCourse Duration3 Years (Six Semester)Faculty / School / Department / Center offering the courseFaculty of LawEligibility Criteria / Entry RequirementsB.A./ B.Sc./ B.Com./ Shastri (at least 10+2+3 pattern) securing a minimum of 50% marks in aggregate OR any other Degree/Examination under at least 10+2+3 pattern recognised by the Bar Council of India for the purpose of admission to LL.B.
Course securing a minimum of 50% marks in the aggregate.Course Code No358Mode of AdmissionAdmissions are made through an Entrance Examination Undergraduate Entrance Test (UET) generally conducted between May/June every year. Notification for the Entrance Examination will be generally released during February every year.Admission to Foreign NationalsThis course is open for Foreign Nationals as per the rules of the University. The inter-se merit among the applicants of various foreign nationals will be decided by the 'Core Committee for Admissions of Foreign Nationals', which shall be deemed as final.Information about the courses provided here is partial and should not be treated as comprehensive. I.e The institution would be offering other course than those mentioned here.
Students are advised to check with the intitution for the latest information in regard to the course. A Guide to Distance EducationDistance Education that takes place when the instructor and student are separated by space and/or time. The gap between the two can be bridged through the use of technology - such as audio tapes, videoconferencing, satellite broadcasts and online technology - and/or more traditional delivery methods, such as the postal service.In Simple words Distance Education is an educational process and system in which all or a significant proportion of the teaching is carried out by someone or something removed in space and time from the learner. Distance Learning requires structured planning, well-designed courses special instructional techniques and methods of communication by electronic and other technology, as well as specific organizational and administrative arrangements.DISTANCE EDUCATION system basically relates to correspondence courses wherein the students are not attending regular classes and yet continue their studies.
However, the course contents, duration, mode of examination and Degree awarded are the same as applicable to regular students. The academic activities include teaching material supplied in regular instalments, evaluation of response sheets and personal contact programmer and/or Radio Teaching.
Admissions are open to all across India and details relating to admission procedure can be obtained from the concerned under-mentioned Universities.Sponsored LinksUniversities in India Providing Distance Education:A.P.S. LLB distance education in Delhi is one of the most preferred courses in India.
There are different institutes which provide both regular and distance courses in almost all the subjects’ even LLB distance education courses are also available. People who cannot afford the regular course can enrol them self in these LLB distance education collages and can complete their course. Almost all the reputed universities and private institutes provide LLB distance education courses all over the country. One of the most demanded course is LLB distance education in Delhi. One can also complete the LLB distance education in Delhi NCR on less fees and free study material. LLB distance education collages and institutes enrol thousands of students each year.The degree provided by LLB distance education in Delhi is equally valuable as regular course degree. One can even enrol them self through net for LLB distance education in Delhi NCR.
One can also make the payment for LLB distance education courses either through net or through cheque. After deciding the LLB distance education collages and course, one can enrol them self online.
One need not to go to the college for giving exam, there are online exams conducted by the colleges of LLB distance education in Delhi NCR.There are various assignments provided by the institute during the LLB distance education courses, which should be completed in time and must be submitted on the provided nearest centre to you. Apart from LLB distance education in Delhi, there are thousands of graduate and post graduate courses in which one can enrol through distance education programme. There is no age limit for admission in most of the courses. With the increase in the demand of legal advisor in MNCs, there is an increase in the number of both LLB distance education collages and students.LLB distance education in Delhi NCR can also be done as a professional course. There are various facilities available for LLB distance education in Delhi and NCR. For more information regarding LLB distance education collages and course structure one can search the net. LLB distance education courses can also be done from other parts of the country.
The Nigerian Advance Fee Scam has been around for quite awhile, but despite many warnings, continues to draw in many victims. In fact, the Police receives approximately 100 telephone calls from victims/ potential victims and 300-500 pieces of related correspondence per day about this scam!
The Nigerian Advance Fee Scam has been around for quite awhile, but despite many warnings, continues to draw in many victims. In fact, the Police receives approximately 100 telephone calls from victims/ potential victims and 300-500 pieces of related correspondence per day about this scam!Indications are that the advance fee fraud grosses hundreds of millions of dollars annually and the losses are continuing to escalate. The Nigerian Advance Fee Scheme (also known internationally as '4-1-9' fraud after the section of the Nigerian penal code which addresses fraud schemes) is generally targeted at small and medium sized businesses, as well as charities. This global scam (recently seen in India,Russia, Southeast Asia, Australia, and New Zealand, as well as the US) involves the receipt of an unsolicited letter purporting to come from someone who claims to work for the Nigerian Central Bank or from the Nigerian government. (The Central Bank of Nigeria denies all connection to those who promote this scheme.)In the letter, a Nigerian claiming to be a senior civil servant will inform the recipient that he is seeking a reputable foreign company into whose account he can deposit funds ranging from $10-$60 million which the Nigerian government overpaid on some procurement contract.The goal of the scam artist is to delude the victim into thinking that he or she has been singled out to participate in a very lucrative—although questionable—arrangement.
The intended victim is reassured of the authenticity of the arrangement by forged or false documents bearing apparently official Nigerian government letterhead, seals, as well as false letters of credit, payment schedules and bank drafts. The scam artist may even establish the credibility of his contacts, and thereby his influence, by arranging a meeting between the victim and 'government officials' in real or fake government offices.Once the victim becomes confident of the potential success of the deal, something goes wrong. The victim is then pressured or threatened to provide one or more large sums of money to save the venture. For example, an official will demand an up-front bribe or an unforeseen tax or fee to the Nigerian government will have to be paid before the money can be transferred. Each fee paid is described as the very last fee required. The scheme may be stretched out over many months.Here is a sample of a letter a victim may receive: (Note: The letter that is sent is all in capital letters.)LAGOS, NIGERIA.ATTENTION: THE PRESIDENT/CEODEAR SIR,CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS PROPOSALHAVING CONSULTED WITH MY COLLEAGUES AND BASED ON THE INFORMATION GATHERED FROM THE NIGERIAN CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY, I HAVE THE PRIVILEGE TO REQUEST FOR YOUR ASSISTANCE TO TRANSFER THE SUM OF $47,500,000.00 (FORTY SEVEN MILLION, FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND UNITED STATES DOLLARS) INTO YOUR ACCOUNTS.
THE ABOVE SUM RESULTED FROM AN OVER-INVOICED CONTRACT, EXECUTED COMMISSIONED AND PAID FOR ABOUT FIVE YEARS (5) AGO BY A FOREIGN CONTRACTOR. THIS ACTION WAS HOWEVER INTENTIONAL AND SINCE THEN THE FUND HAS BEEN IN A SUSPENSE ACCOUNT AT THE CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA APEX BANK.WE ARE NOW READY TO TRANSFER THE FUND OVERSEAS AND THAT IS WHERE YOU COME IN.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO INFORM YOU THAT AS CIVIL SERVANTS, WE ARE FORBIDDEN TO OPERATE A FOREIGN ACCOUNT; THAT IS WHY WE REQUIRE YOUR ASSISTANCE. THE TOTAL SUM WILL BE SHARED AS FOLLOWS: 70% FOR US, 25% FOR YOU AND 5% FOR LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL EXPENSES INCIDENT TO THE TRANSFER.THE TRANSFER IS RISK FREE ON BOTH SIDES. I AM AN ACCOUNTANT WITH THE NIGERIAN NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION (NNPC). IF YOU FIND THIS PROPOSAL ACCEPTABLE, WE SHALL REQUIRE THE FOLLOWING DOCUMENTS:(A) YOUR BANKER’S NAME, TELEPHONE, ACCOUNT AND FAX NUMBERS.(B) YOUR PRIVATE TELEPHONE AND FAX NUMBERS—FOR CONFIDENTIALITY AND EASY COMMUNICATION.(C) YOUR LETTER-HEADED PAPER STAMPED AND SIGNED.ALTERNATIVELY WE WILL FURNISH YOU WITH THE TEXT OF WHAT TO TYPE INTO YOUR LETTER-HEADED PAPER, ALONG WITH A BREAKDOWN EXPLAINING, COMPREHENSIVELY WHAT WE REQUIRE OF YOU. THE BUSINESS WILL TAKE US THIRTY (30) WORKING DAYS TO ACCOMPLISH.PLEASE REPLY URGENTLY.BEST REGARDSBe careful.
This scam can be physically dangerous as well as dangerous to your finances. Victims are almost always requested to travel to Nigeria or a border country to complete a transaction.
Victims are often told that a visa will not be necessary to enter the country. The Nigerian scam artists may then bribe airport officials to pass the victims through Immigration and Customs. Because it is a serious offense in Nigeria to enter without a valid visa, the victim’s illegal entry may be used by the scam artists as leverage to coerce the victims into releasing funds. Violence and threats of physical harm may be employed to further pressure victims. In June of 1995, an American was murdered in Lagos, Nigeria, while pursuing a 4-1-9 scam, and numerous other foreign nationals have been reported as missing.Recommendation:Avoid these scams like the plague! Don’t let promises of large amounts of money impair your judgment?How does the fraud work?The bait is the fictional millions of dollars described in each one of these letters. The goal is to get you to come up with money for the 'expenses' required to transfer those millions to you.
The victim thinks, a few hundred or a few thousand dollars is trivial when $31 million is at stake. Each demand for more money is claimed to be the very last obstacle before the big money is released. Sometimes, the victim is lured to Nigeria, where even worse things happen.How did they get my email address?Exactly the same way all spammers get your email address.
Spammers 'harvest' email addresses mentioned on web sites. Others run 'dictionary attacks' — programs which query mail servers if they have an address AAA100, AAA101, AAA102, etc. That’s why you get tons of unsolicited commercial email even if you’ve kept your email address a secret. And spammers sell each other CD’s with millions of addresses. Remember that practically all spam email is fraudulent anyway Why is it called 'Nigerian Fraud'?
Regardless of the country or countries mentioned in the letter—even countries located outside of Africa—the fraudsters are usually Nigerian. World of Forensic Science 2005 700+ words CopyrightComputer Security and Computer Crime InvestigationComputer crime, or cyber crime as it is often known, is the fastest-growing type of criminal activity in the world today. As more advanced computers are manufactured, the more sophisticated the cyber criminals become. Computer crime covers a large range of illegal activity, including bank and credit card fraud, computer hacking, industrial espionage, organized pedophilia, and terrorism. What is more, computer crime has no national boundaries.
Investigators face many technical and legal barriers when it comes to trying to identify perpetrators of cyber crimes. Yet there have been some successes, and computer forensics is becoming an increasingly important part of forensic science.Much undesirable, if not actually illegal, computer activity happens in the workplace. A recent survey carried out by the Federal Bureau of Investigation showed that most organizations have found security breaches of their computer networks. The most serious outcome was theft of confidential information, costing millions of dollars to companies as a whole. Almost all companies had had viruses infecting their computers with loss or potential loss of valuable data. Another major form of unwanted computer activity consisted of defacement of the company's website.
There was also widespread reporting of abuse of computer privileges by employees by downloading pornography or pirated software.Hacking is the most common form of computer crime. It is defined as willful penetration of a computer system for malicious purposes. All computer users are vulnerable to hacking, regardless of how secure they assume they are through anti-virus software, firewalls, and password protection. It happened to software giant Microsoft after all, so it could potentially happen to anyone. Sending a virus, a small program that acts on the victim's computer, is one of the main ways in which hackers operate. There are many types of viruses. They do not all destroy data; some viruses are designed to send valuable data back to the hacker.
Trojan horse viruses, for example, consist of hidden instructions in e-mails or software which, when opened, will damage, modify, or send important data. Another is the aptly named logic 'bomb' that only takes effect a while after it has been sent, allowing the perpetrator ample time to clear away the evidence.Once a hacker has access to a computer, he or she has access to much of the information inside it, such as bank details, credit card numbers, and passwords.
On a personal scale, this kind of identify theft can be disastrous. For a company, it can lead to loss of revenue, delays, and loss of customers. Another growing form of computer nuisance is the sending of spam, or unsolicited e-mail. Measures are underway in many countries to make spam illegal, because it threatens to destroy people's ability to send and receive e-mail.Investigating and stopping computer crime is difficult. Hacking is often not difficult to accomplish and the tools required to hack are freely available. Many hackers argue that hacking is often a victimless crime.
Additionally, the Internet is international and the hacker is anonymous, which makes it hard to pursue and catch them. One answer is to step up computer security but, in reality, anti-virus software can only, by definition, deal with known viruses and so the software is always one step behind the inventive hacker.Investigation of computer crime is also challenging because it can be hard to prove that a crime has actually been committed.
Data can be manipulated after the event, because the hacker is rarely caught soon after the crime. Successful prosecutions are rare and punishments tend not be severe.While computer forensics and approaches to investigation continue to develop, it is up to the individual and organizations to find ways of improving their computer security. Sometimes crimes are committed just by guessing someone's password.
Longer passwords are harder to guess, therefore, most security experts recommend using passwords of at least 6–8 characters where possible. It may also help to get the hackers to turn their talents to helping the people they once attacked, by pointing out the weak points in their systems.Despite the challenges, there have been some successful prosecutions of computer criminals. Recently, the U.S. Government caught up with 19 individuals who ran one of the world's largest online centers for trafficking in stolen identities and financial fraud.
The team, from the U.S. And several other countries, ran a site called Shadowcrew with 4,000 members dedicated to computer hacking for obtaining counterfeit documents, as well as stealing credit and debit card numbers. Secret Service spent a year tracking down the gang.
While operating, the gang had trafficked in at least 1.7 million stolen credit cards, causing losses in excess of four million dollars. In short, the site acted as a 'one stop shop' for identity theft.
They will trade no longer, and the successful conclusion of this case gives investigators renewed confidence in the fight against computer crime.see also Computer forensics; Computer hackers; Computer hardware security; Computer forensics; Computer virus; Identity theft. In addition to the National White Collar Crime Center (NW3C) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), a number of other agencies have provided added value to the Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) project in the form of staffing, recommendations, and other support. IC3 is taking aggressive steps to exponentially strengthen law enforcement's ability to identify and combat Internet crimes. New and expanded alliances with industry is a key component to making Internet e-commerce safer for consumers. Association with these industry partners will allow the IC3 to capitalize on the information and intelligence received from industry partners to ensure significant cases are developed and referred to law enforcement in an expeditious fashion.
Among these are:Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board (RATB)The Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board (RATB) was created under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. The mission of the RATB is to coordinate and conduct oversight of funds distributed under this law in order to prevent fraud, waste and abuse.
If you see fraud, waste, or mismanagement of Recovery Act funds, refers the matter immediately at Fraud, Waste, and Abuse which will link you to the appropriate agency.Business Software Alliance (BSA)The Business Software Alliance (BSA) was founded in 1988 and includes members throughout the world who are part of the high-tech industry. BSA promotes policy, education, and intellectual enforcement efforts on behalf of its members.Direct Marketing Association (DMA)The Direct Marketing Association (DMA), founded in 1917, represents businesses interested in direct, database, and interactive global marketing. The DMA's membership includes companies from the United States and 44 foreign nations. The DMA works to encourage the education, growth and profitability of members through direct/interactive marketing methods.eBay/PayPaleBay Inc., founded in September 1995, provides an online venue for the sale of goods and services by a diverse community of individuals and small businesses. EBay has over a hundred million registered members from around the world.Federal Trade Commission (FTC)The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) works to enforce federal consumer protection laws that prevent deception and unfair business practices. In addition, the Commission investigates deceptive commercial email and spammer's responsibilities under the Can-Spam law.
Whether combating telemarketing fraud or Internet scams, the FTC's primary mission is to protect consumers.Financial Services IndustryThe Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) is working with the Financial Institution Fraud Unit (FIFU) and members of the Financial Services Roundtable (FSR) to ensure IC3 is receiving, interpreting, and leveraging financial institution data in the most effective manner. The FSR is composed of a group of the 100 largest financial institutions in the United States who have organized to advance common industry goals, to include fraud prevention.Merchant Risk Council (MRC)The Merchant Risk Council (MRC) is a not-for-profit organization founded in September 2000. It provides education about fraud prevention techniques and encourages businesses selling online to adopt best practices and anti-fraud technologies. The Network's merchant focus distinguishes this group from others that are trying to combat this problem.MicrosoftMicrosoft, founded in 1975, is the world's largest producer of personal and business computer software. Through MSN, Microsoft provides a wide variety of web-based services, including the MSN Network and MSN Hotmail, which are used by millions of people on a daily basis.National Cyber-Forensics & Training Alliance (NCFTA)The mission of the National Cyber-Forensics & Training Alliance (NCFTA) is to provide a neutral, collaborative venue where critical, confidential information about cyber incidents can be shared discreetly, and where resources can be shared among industry, academia, and law enforcement. The Alliance facilitates advanced training, promotes security awareness to reduce cyber-vulnerability, and conducts forensic and predictive analysis and lab simulations which are all intended to educate organizations and enhance their abilities to manage risk and develop security strategies and best practices.Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC)The Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) strives to combat economic and financial crime through cooperative working relationships with established enforcement and regulatory agencies.
The Commission is empowered to prevent, investigate, prosecute, and penalize economic and financial crimes and is charged with the responsibility of enforcing the provisions of other laws and regulations relating to economic and financial crimes.Reporting Economic Crime On-Line (RECOL)Reporting Economic Crime On-Line (RECOL) is administered by the National White Collar Crime Center of Canada (NW4C) and is supported by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and other participating agencies. RECOL involves an integrated partnership between international, federal, and provincial law enforcement agencies, as well as with regulators and private commercial organizations that have a legitimate investigative interest in receiving complaints involving economic crime.United States Postal Inspection Service (USPIS)The United States Postal Inspection Service (USPIS) is the law enforcement arm of the U.S. Postal Service. Postal Inspectors enforce over 200 federal laws in investigations of crimes that may adversely affect or fraudulently use the U.S. Mail, the postal system, or postal employees. Many fraud schemes that originate over the Internet, such as auction fraud or multi-level marketing schemes, involve payment or delivery via the U.S.
Mail and are under the jurisdiction of the USPIS. The Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) is a partnership between the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the National White Collar Crime Center (NW3C), and the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA).IC3's mission is to serve as a vehicle to receive, develop, and refer criminal complaints regarding the rapidly expanding arena of cyber crime. The IC3 gives the victims of cyber crime a convenient and easy-to-use reporting mechanism that alerts authorities of suspected criminal or civil violations. For law enforcement and regulatory agencies at the federal, state, local and international level, IC3 provides a central referral mechanism for complaints involving Internet related crimes. Read more Filing a Complaint with IC3IC3 accepts online Internet crime complaints from either the person who believes they were defrauded or from a third party to the complainant. We can best process your complaint if we receive accurate and complete information from you. Therefore, we request that you provide the following information when filing a complaint:Your nameYour mailing addressYour telephone numberThe name, address, telephone number, and Web address, if available, of the individual or organization you believe defrauded you.Specific details on how, why, and when you believe you were defrauded.Any other relevant information you believe is necessary to support your complaint.File a ComplaintPrior to filing a complaint with the IC3, please read the following information regarding terms and conditions.
Should you have additional questions prior to filing your complaint, view FAQ for more information on inquiries such as:What details will I be asked to include in my complaint?What happens after I file a complaint?How are complaints resolved?Should I retain evidence related to my complaint?The information I've provided on this form is correct to the best of my knowledge. I understand that providing false information could make me subject to fine, imprisonment, or both.
(Title 18, U.S. Code, Section 1001)The IC3 is co-sponsored by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the National White Collar Crime Center (NW3C). Complaints filed via this website are processed and may be referred to federal, state, local or international law enforcement or regulatory agencies for possible investigation. I understand any investigation opened on any complaint I file on this website is initiated at the discretion of the law enforcement and/or regulatory agency receiving the complaint information.Filing a complaint with the IC3 in no way serves as notification to my credit card company that I am disputing unauthorized charges placed on my card or that my credit card number may have been compromised. I should contact my credit card company directly to notify them of my specific concerns.Advisory:You are about to file a complaint with the Internet Crime Complaint Center. The confidentiality of the information you provide may be affected by state law. As such, we cannot guarantee that your complaint will remain confidential.
The complaint information you submit to this site is encrypted via secure socket layer (SSL) encryption. Please see the Privacy Policy for further information.We thank you for your cooperation.
You hear a lot about cybercrime, but what exactly is it? The simple answer is, 'It's complicated!' Like traditional crime, cybercrime can take many shapes and can occur nearly anytime or anyplace. Criminals committing cybercrime use a number of methods, depending on their skill-set and their goal. This should not be surprising: cybercrime is, after all, simply 'crime' with some sort of 'computer' or 'cyber' aspect.Cybercrime has surpassed illegal drug trafficking as a criminal moneymaker.Every 3 seconds an identity is stolen.Without security, your unprotected PC can become infected within four minutes of connecting to the internet.The Council of Europe's Cybercrime Treaty uses the term 'cybercrime' to refer to offenses ranging from criminal activity against data to content and copyright infringement Krone, 2005. However, others Zeviar-Geese, 1997-98 suggest that the definition is broader, including activities such as fraud, unauthorized access, child pornography, and cyberstalking. The United Nations Manual on the Prevention and Control of Computer Related Crime includes fraud, forgery, and unauthorized access United Nations, 1995 in its cybercrime definition.As you can see from these definitions, cybercrime can cover a very wide range of attacks.
Understanding this wide variation in types of cybercrime is important as different types of cybercrime require different approaches to improving your computer safety.Symantec draws from the many definitions of cybercrime and defines it concisely as any crime that is committed using a computer or network, or hardware device. The computer or device may be the agent of the crime, the facilitator of the crime, or the target of the crime. The crime may take place on the computer alone or in addition to other locations. The broad range of cybercrime can be better understood by dividing it into two overall categories, defined for the purpose of this research as Type I and Type II cybercrime.Type I cybercrime has the following characteristics:It is generally a single event from the perspective of the victim. For example, the victim unknowingly downloads a Trojan horse which installs a keystroke logger on his or her machine. Alternatively, the victim might receive an e-mail containing what claims to be a link to known entity, but in reality is a link to a hostile website.It is often facilitated by crimeware programs such as keystroke loggers, viruses, rootkits or Trojan horses.Software flaws or vulnerabilities often provide the foothold for the attacker.
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